4 Results Of Cell Division

Posted on4/4/2022by admin

In Excel, there is no specific function for the division. Instead, it is quite simple; use the “/” operator. You may use forward slash “/” for the division in cells directly or in the formula bar as well.

Divide two numbers by typing within cell. In the cell, type =100/10 and press enter, it should display the result 10. In the formula bar, you can see the division formula is added automatically. Dividing two cells number by reference. Similarly, you may divide numbers in two cells by giving the cell references. For example, A2 cell contains 100.
National 4 Cell division and its role in growth and repair Animal, plant, fungal and bacterial cells divide to allow an increase in number and the repair of damaged cells in multicellular organisms.

In this tutorial, I am going to show you simply dividing by typing within cells along with using in formulas, so keep reading.

Find an answer to your question 👍 “Which phase of cell division results in the formation of four new haploid cells?” in 📗 Biology if the answers seem to be not correct or there’s no answer. Try a smart search to find answers to similar questions. Explore the cell division notes to learn about the types and phases of cell division. Types of Cell Division. There are two distinct types of cell division out of which the first one is vegetative division, wherein each daughter cell duplicates the parent cell called mitosis. The second one is meiosis, which divides into four haploid daughter.

Divide two numbers by typing within cell

In the cell, type =100/10 and press enter, it should display the result 10.

In the formula bar, you can see the division formula is added automatically.

The Steps Of Cell Division

Dividing two cells number by reference

Similarly, you may divide numbers in two cells by giving the cell references. For example, A2 cell contains 100 and A3 10. Now type =A2/A3 in the A4 cell and press enter. It should display the result after dividing two cell numbers as shown below:

Again, division formula is typed automatically in the formula bar.

Using multiple operators to understand division order

If you are using multiple mathematical operators in a formula including division then you should understand the order how Excel operates it.

For example:

=10+100/10 = 20

Because the division occurs first than addition. Similarly, if you are subtracting followed by division, again division occurs first as shown below:

=20-10/5 = 18

Note: + and – has the same operation order. The Excel will calculate the one first that comes towards left.

What if multiplication comes first?

=5*100+100/20 =505

The Excel will first multiply then divide and finally add in above case. The division and multiplication have the same preference – that comes first towards left is entertained.

See a few multiple calculation formulas in the Excel sheet below for learning more about this:

The example of dividing a range of cells by a given number

The following example shows using the SUM function for getting the total of a given range and then we divided it by a number in another cell. Have a look at the formula and result:

The SUM/divide formula:

=SUM(C2:C5)/D7

You can see, the sum of cells C2 to C5 is 100. I entered 25 in the D7 cell that resulted in 4.

Dividing cell values by a given number

In above example, we got the sum and then divided the range of cells.

In this example, you will see how to divide the individual cell values by a specific number using “Paste Special” technique.

For doing that, follow the steps below:

Step 1:

Enter the number that you want to use for the division in an empty cell and copy it as shown below:

You can see, I entered 5 and pressed Ctrl+C to copy it. You may also right-click to copy that cell.

Step 2:

Select/highlight the range of cells that you want to divide by that number. For the example, I highlighted A2 to A8 cells. After highlighting, right click and press the “Paste Special” option. Be noted, the number that we want to divide this range of cells is still in copy mode:

The “Paste Special” dialog should appear. Select the “All” option under “Paste” and “Divide” under Operation option as shown below:

As you press OK, the selected range should have been divided by the specified number in the cell that you copied. As I entered 5, see the resultant sheet below:

Is not that cool?

Phases Of Cellular Division

Mitosis

Virchow was correct when he concluded that cells arise from others cells, i.e., new cells are born through the division of one cell into two through the process of mitosis. The need for new cells continues throughout our lives, but it is greatest in early life. A fertilized egg divides into two cells, which give rise to four, and those give rise to eight, and then to 16, and 32, and 64, and so on. In a fully grown adult, of course, the rate of cell proliferation is much less, and under normal circumstances, cell division in an adult takes place only when signals indicate the need to replace cells that have been lost, damaged, or worn out.

Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4902908.stm

Differentiation

Another big difference between cells in a growing embryo and cells in an adult is that most of an adult's cells are differentiated - they have become specialized in structure and function. Muscle cells are elongated and contain and abundance of contractile proteins, whereas pancreatic cells are specialized for secretion of digestive enzymes or, in the case of pancreatic beta cells, for the synthesis of insulin. In contrast, the cells in the early morula stage of an embryo (shown below to the left) consists of cells that are totipotent - they have the capacity to divide and give rise to any of the specialized cells in the body. In the adult, however, the replacement of shed or worn out cells takes place by division of somatic stem cells (also called adult stem cells), which are not fully differentiated, but can give rise to only a limited array of cells.

Regulation of Cell Division: Cell Cycle

The diagram to the right summarizes events leading to cell division.

Many cells in an adult are not actively in the process of replicating; this is depicted in the diagram as 'cells that cease division,' also known as the G₀ phase or the 'resting phase.' The term 'resting phase' is a misnomer, however, because the cell is actively carrying out its normal specialized functions, and It is only resting in the sense that it isn't actively dividing. If conditions require additional cells, the cell will receive signals that promote cell division. These signals will push the cell to complete the G₁ phase (cell enlargement) and proceed to the S-phase, during which DNA is replicated. In the G₂ phase the cell prepares for division by increasing in size and replicating intracellular organelles. It then divides through mitosis (the M-phase). In a sense, the critical juncture is the transition from G₁ to the S-phase. This transition is carefully regulated by multiple factors, some of which promote the transition. Genes known as proto-oncogenes can be switched on to produce proteins that protein the transition to the S-phase. Counteracting this push to reproduce are genes known as anti-oncogenes (also called tumor suppressor genes) that inhibit transition to the S-phase. The video below provides a short visual summary of these events, known as the cell cycle.

The two videos below summarize the signaling events that regulate the cell cycle and events occurring during the cell cycle.

For more detail see Michael Andreeff, MD, PhD, David W Goodrich, MD, and Arthur B Pardee, MD. Chapter 2 - 'Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, and Apoptosis' in Cancer Medicine, 6th Edition'

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is also referred to as programmed cell death. It is an essential process for removing cells that are stressed, damaged, or worn out. It is estimated that over 50 billions cells undergo apoptosis each day in adults. Apoptosis is also carefully regulated through complex mechanisms. Mutations that affect these regulatory pathways have the potential to contribute to carcinogenesis by failing to eliminate abnormal neoplastic cells or by failing to eliminate cells with other mutations that are premalignant. Defects in apoptosis can also confer resistance to chemotherapy, radiation, and immune-mediated cell destruction.

Proto-oncogenes, anti-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), and apoptosis, play a central role in understanding the pathogenesis of cancer. In short, mutations and inherited abnormalities can cause these regulatory control mechanisms to become dysfunctional. As you will see, mutations in any of these mechanisms can cause a cell to divide or survive longer than normal, and if multiple mutations affecting these regulatory mechanisms accumulate in a single cell, the cell will have lost all control with respect to cell division. This single cell, dividing repeatedly and without regulation will create an ever expanding clone of cells which will also undergo unregulated cell division. This is the essence of cancer.

Normal Cell Division

The outer layer of skin (epidermis) is about 12 cells thick. Cells in the basal layer (bottom row) divide just fast enough to replenish cells that are shed. When a basal cell divides, it produces two cells. One remains in the basal layer and retains the capacity to divide. The other migrates out of the basal layer and loses the capacity to divide. The number of dividing cells in the basal layer, therefore, stays about the same.

Abnormal Cell Division

The transition to skin cancer begins when the normal balance between cell division/cell loss is disrupted. Basal cells divide faster than needed to replenish the cells being shed, and with each division both of the two newly formed cells will often retain the capacity to divide, leading to an increased number of dividing cells.